Palaeoniscus freieslebeni Fossil Fish Kupferschiefer Permian Germany Genuine Mansfeld Specimen with Certificate of Authenticity

Permian InformationThe Permian Period (299–252 million years ago) was a time of dramatic climate shifts and evolutionary advancements, marking the end of the Paleozoic Era. Initially, the climate was warm and humid, supporting vast conifer forests and swampy environments, but it gradually became drier as the supercontinent Pangaea fully formed. This led to the expansion of early reptiles, including synapsids like Dimetrodon, which were distant ancestors of mammals. Amphibians thrived in wetlands, while the first conifer trees became dominant. In the oceans, ammonites, brachiopods, and early sharks flourished. However, the Permian ended with the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history, the Permian-Triassic Extinction, wiping out nearly 90% of marine species and 70% of land species, paving the way for the rise of dinosaurs in the Triassic.